As more than $50 billion makes its way to state and local governments to compensate for the opioid epidemic, people with high hopes for the money are already fighting over a little-known bureaucratic arm of the process: state councils that wield immense power over how the cash is spent.

In 14 states, these councils have the ultimate say on use of the money, which comes from companies that made, distributed, or sold opioid painkillers, including Purdue Pharma, Johnson & Johnson, and Walmart. In 24 other states, plus Washington, D.C., the councils establish budget priorities and make recommendations. Those will affect whether opioid settlement funds go, for example, to improve addiction treatment programs and recovery houses or for more narcotics detectives and prisons.

KFF Health News, along with Johns Hopkins University and Shatterproof, a national nonprofit focused on the addiction crisis, gathered and analyzed data on council members in all states to create the first database of its kind.

When people know who sits on these councils, they can see who is and is not represented and how that impacts the way money is spent. The data shows that councils are as unique as states are from one another. They vary in size, power, and the amount of funds they oversee. Members run the gamut from doctors, researchers, and county health directors to law enforcement officers, town managers, and business owners, as well as people in recovery and parents who've lost children to addiction.

"The overdose crisis is incredibly complex, and it demands more than just money," said Rollie Martinson, a policy associate with the nonprofit Community Education Group, which is tracking settlement spending across Appalachia. "We also need the right people in charge of that money."

That's the $50 billion question: Are the right people steering the decisions? Already, stakeholders are beginning to point out concerns they have about their specific state councils. For example:

• Council membership doesn't always align with the states' hardest-hit populations — by race or geography.
• Heavy presence of specific professional groups — treatment providers, health care executives, or law enforcement officials, for example — might mean money gets directed to those particular interests at the expense of others.
• Few seats are reserved for people who've dealt with a substance use disorder themselves or supported a family member with one.

Admittedly, no one can design a perfect council. There's no agreement on what that would even look like. But when a pile of money this big is at stake, everyone wants in on the action.

More than $3 billion of opioid settlement funds has already landed in government coffers, with installments to come through 2038. The money is meant as restitution for hard-hit communities and the hundreds of thousands of Americans who have died from drug overdoses in recent decades.

Tension between harm reduction and law enforcement approaches

What restitution for the opioid crisis looks like depends on whom you ask. People running syringe service programs might suggest spending money immediately on the overdose reversal medication naloxone, while hospital officials might advocate for longer-term investments to increase staffing and treatment beds.

"People naturally want money to go toward their own field or interest," said Kristen Pendergrass, vice president of state policy at Shatterproof.

And there's concern this may affect choices about how the funds are spent in many parts of the country. For instance, people who support syringe service programs or similar interventions worry that councils with high numbers of police officers and sheriffs will instead direct large portions of the money to buy squad cars and bulletproof vests. And vice versa.

In most states, though, law enforcement and criminal justice officials make up fewer than one-fifth of council members. In Alaska and Pennsylvania, for instance, they're not represented at all.

Outliers exist, of course. Tennessee's 15-member council has two sheriffs, one current and one former district attorney general, a criminal court judge, and a special agent from the state Bureau of Investigation. But like many other councils, it hasn't awarded funds to specific groups yet, so it's too soon to tell how the council makeup will influence those decisions.

Pendergrass and Johns Hopkins researcher Sara Whaley, who together compiled the list of council members, say there could be real practical impact of councils drawing too heavily from one field, geographic area, or race.

"Having diverse representation in the room is going to make sure there is a balance on how the funds are spent," Pendergrass said.

To this end, Courtney Gary-Allen, organizing director for the Maine Recovery Advocacy Project, and her colleagues chose early on to ensure their state's 15-member council included people who support what's known as harm reduction, a politically controversial strategy that aims to minimize the risks of using drugs. Ultimately, this push led to the appointment of six candidates, including Gary-Allen, to the panel. Most have personal experience with addiction.

"I feel very strongly that if these six folks weren't on the council, harm reduction wouldn't get a single dollar," she said.

A potential for geographic and racial divides

In other areas, some people are starting to focus on potential lost opportunities.

In New Jersey, Elizabeth Burke Beaty, who is in recovery from substance use disorder, has noticed that most members of her state's council represent urban enclaves near New York City and Philadelphia. She worries they'll direct money to their home bases and exclude rural counties, which have the highest rates of overdose deaths and unique barriers to recovery, such as a lack of doctors to treat addiction and transportation to far-away clinics.

Natalie Hamilton, a spokesperson for New Jersey Gov. Phil Murphy, a Democrat who appointed the members, said the council represents "a wide geographic region," including seven of the state's 21 counties.

But only two of those represented — Burlington and Hunterdon counties — are considered rural by the state's Office of Rural Health needs assessment. The state's hardest-hit rural counties lack a seat at the table.

Now that most of the council seats nationwide are filled, worries about racial equity are growing.

Louisiana, where nearly a third of the population is Black, has no Black council members. In Ohio, where Black residents are dying of overdoses at the highest rates, only one of the 29 council members is Black.

"There's this perception that this money is not for people who look like me," said Philip Rutherford, who is chief operating officer of Faces & Voices of Recovery and is Black. His group organizes people in recovery to advocate on addiction issues.

Research shows Black Americans have the fastest-rising overdose death rates and face the most barriers to gold-standard treatments.

A call for representation from those personally affected

In several states, residents have lamented the lack of council members with first-hand knowledge of addiction, who can direct settlement dollars based on personal experiences with the treatment and criminal justice systems. Instead, councils are saturated with treatment providers and health care organizations.

And this, too, raises eyebrows.

"Service providers are going to have a monetary interest," said Tracie M. Gardner, who leads policy advocacy at the New York-based Legal Action Center. Although most are good people running good treatment programs, they have an inherent conflict with the goal of making people well and stable, she said.

"That is work to put treatment programs out of business," Gardner said. "We must never forget the business model. It was there for HIV, it was there for COVID, and it's there for the overdose epidemic."

Councils in South Carolina and New York have already seen some controversy in this vein — when organizations associated with members pursued or were awarded funding. It's not a particularly surprising occurrence, since the members are chosen for their prominent work in the field.

Both states' councils have robust conflict-of-interest policies, requiring members to disclose professional and financial connections. New York also has a law precluding council members from using their position for financial gain, and South Carolina uses a rubric to objectively score applications.

That these situations cause alarm regardless shows how much hope and desperation is tied up in this money — and the decisions over who controls it.

"This is the biggest infusion of funding into the addiction treatment field in at least 50 years," said Gardner. "It's money coming into a starved system."

KFF Health News' Colleen DeGuzman and Megan Kalata contributed to this report.

KFF Health News, formerly known as Kaiser Health News (KHN), is a national newsroom that produces in-depth journalism about health issues and is one of the core operating programs at KFF — the independent source for health policy research, polling, and journalism.